الدرس 19 — طرق انعقاد الخلافة وتعدد الأئمة في التاريخ الإسلامي

Automatic speech recognition of the recording — a machine reading of the audio, not a text written or checked word-by-word by the lecturer. Treat the wording as approximate and the video as the source. Headings and lists below are drawn from the lecturer’s own words; nothing has been summarised or added. Tap any timestamp to jump to that moment.